Pneumonia ◆ Introduction Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs Mays germs such as bacteria viruses and fungi can produce pneumonia. The infection infects  your lungs air sac which is called as alveoli .the air sac may fill up with fluid or pus . Causing symptoms such as cough with phlegm , fever ,chills and trouble in breathing . ◆ Symptoms : Pneumonia always causes a cough ,which often produce sputum .Red -brown ,green or yellow sputum may be sign of bacterial infection . Thin whitish sputum is possible indicates of mycoplasma or viral pneumonia. Other possible symptoms include. 1) Shorten of breath 2) Shivering 3) Chills 4) Confusion 5) weakness 6) chest pain 7) muscle pain 8) Blue lips and nail beds from lack of oxygen in the blood. ◆ Causes : 1) Bacteria :- The most common course of pneumonia in adult 2) Viruses :- Often responsible for pneumonia in children. 3) Mycoplasma :- Organism that have characteristics of bacteria and viruses that cause...

◆ Introduction :    Tuberculosis is the infectious disease . It is serious bacterial infection diease thats mainly affect the lungs. It is spread all over the World . It is as common as 1 million cases per year in india . As per survey In 2015 , 1.8 million people are died from TB with 10.4 million falling ill. ◆ Etiology ( causes) : It is caused by bacteria MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (MTB)  . This is generally affect the lungs but can be affect all over the body it is known as Latent Tuberculosis. ● Mycobacteria are non motile ,non spore forming ,aerobic , facultative and measuring 0.2 -0.5 micrometer . By 2 -4 micrometer. Microbacterium Tuberculosis bactria ◆ Mode of transmission :  TB is spread through the air i.e droplet infection . From infected person to healthy person . A single sneeze can release upto 40,000 droplets , since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very low so inhalation of only 10 bacteria cause an infection. ...

       The term "seizure"is often used interchangeably with "Convulsion ".  Convulsion are  when a person's body shakes and uncontrollably . During Convulsion ,the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly .some have mild symptoms and no body shaking . There are many different types of seizures. 1】Generalized tonic clonic seizure 2】Partial (focal) seizure 3】Petit mal (absence ) seizure 4】 Epilepsy  " A seizure is the physical finding or change in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain . ◆ Pathophysiology :- The thamocortial circuit has normal oscillatory rhythms , with periods of relatively increased excitation and periods of relatively increased inhibition .It generates the oscillation observed in sleep spindle . The thalamocortical circuitry includes the pyramidal neurons of the neocortex , the thalamic relay neurons , and the neurons in the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus . Altered th...

"Parkinson's diesease  also know as idiopathic ,hypokinetic rigid syndrome . "It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder , which result from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia niagra ,characterized by tremor,rigidity,and akinesha. The dieses is named after the English doctor JAMES PARKINSONS , who published the first detailed in Essay on Shaking Palsy in 1817 . ◆ Etiology   Damage of dopaminergic neurons, the Etiology of Parkinsons disease is still unclear , most cases are hypothesized to be due to combination of genetic and environmental factor . Currently known genetic causes of Parkinsons disease account for approximately 10% of cases ◆1) Environmental Cause Environmental risk factor commonly associated with the development of Parkinsons disease include use of pesticide , living in rular environment , consumption of well water , exposure of herbicide and proximity to industrial plants or quarries . ◆2) Genetic Fac...

Gout     Gout Patient.     Increase serum uric acid concentration  (Hyperuricaemia ) ● Recurrent attack of characteristics types of acute arthritis in which crystal of mono sodium urate monohydrate may be in leucocyte present in synovial fluid .. ● Deposition of monosodium urate mono hydrates in and around joints. ● Involvement of renal disease ● uric acid Nephrolithiasis . It is a disorder of purine metabolism manifested by follows features may occur singly or in combination.        Gout is a painful and potentially disabling rheumatic disease gout is characterised by high level of uric acid in blood . Uric acid is eliminate by kidney and passed out of body in Urine . If the kidneys are unable to eliminate uric acid efficiently blood uric acid levels will increase . ◆Clinically the natural history of gout comprises 4 stages 1 ) Asymptomatic Hyperuricaemia 2) Acute gouty Arthritis 3) Asymptomatic interva...