Seizures

       The term "seizure"is often used interchangeably with "Convulsion ".  Convulsion are  when a person's body shakes and uncontrollably . During Convulsion ,the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly .some have mild symptoms and no body shaking .
There are many different types of seizures.
1】Generalized tonic clonic seizure
2】Partial (focal) seizure
3】Petit mal (absence ) seizure
4】 Epilepsy
 " A seizure is the physical finding or change in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain .

◆Pathophysiology :-
The thamocortial circuit has normal oscillatory rhythms , with periods of relatively increased excitation and periods of relatively increased inhibition .It generates the oscillation observed in sleep spindle . The thalamocortical circuitry includes the pyramidal neurons of the neocortex , the thalamic relay neurons , and the neurons in the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus . Altered thalamocortical rhythms may result in primarily generalized once seizures .The thalamic relay neurons receive ascending inputs from spinal cord and project to the neocortical pyramidal neurons . Cholinergic pathway from the forebrain and the ascending seronergic  , noradrenergic and cholinergic brainstem pathway prominently regulate this circuitry

◆ Symptoms:-
1) Change in behavior such as picking at one's clothing
2) Drooling or frothing at the mouth
3) Eye movements
4) Grunting and snorting
5) Loss of Bladder or bowel control .
6) Mood changes such as sudden anger, unexplainable fear , panic ,joy or laughter.
7) sudden falling
8) Teeth clenching .

Symptoms may stop after a few seconds , minute or continue for 15 min. They rarely continue Longer.

The person May have waring symptoms before the attack , such as
1) Fear or Anxiety
2) Neusea
3) Vertigo
4) Visual symptoms (such as flashing bright lights ,spots or wavy lines before the eyes .)

◆Etiology (Causes ) :-
1) Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood .
2) Brain infection ,including meningitis.

◆Treatment :-
The treatment of seizures by anticonvulsant therapy in that therapy anticonvulsant medicaments are used such as Lamotrigine , topiramate , valproic acid, zonisamide. Etc .